{"id":33435,"date":"2026-06-17T15:54:02","date_gmt":"2026-06-17T13:54:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/francescoeconomy.org\/does-mineral-wealth-translate-into-better-living-conditions-for-women-in-the-brazilian-amazon\/"},"modified":"2026-06-17T17:52:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T15:52:30","slug":"does-mineral-wealth-translate-into-better-living-conditions-for-women-in-the-brazilian-amazon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/francescoeconomy.org\/es\/does-mineral-wealth-translate-into-better-living-conditions-for-women-in-the-brazilian-amazon\/","title":{"rendered":"Does mineral wealth translate into better living conditions for women in the Brazilian Amazon?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Does mineral wealth translate into better living conditions for women in the Brazilian Amazon?<\/b><\/h1>\n<\/div>

by Ant\u00f4nia Larissa Alves Oliveira<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

In many parts of the world, mining is presented as a pathway to economic growth. It generates exports, public revenue, and jobs, and often makes some municipalities appear \u201cwealthy\u201d in official statistics. But what happens when this wealth does not translate into better living conditions for the people who live in mining territories?<\/span><\/p>\n

This study addresses this question through the case of Parauapebas, a municipality located in the Brazilian Amazon, in the state of Par\u00e1. Parauapebas is one of Brazil\u2019s most important mining municipalities and receives large amounts of revenue from CFEM, the Financial Compensation for the Exploration of Mineral Resources. CFEM is a public revenue paid by mining companies for the extraction of mineral resources that belong to the Brazilian federal government. In principle, this money can increase the capacity of local governments to provide better public services and infrastructure. However, the experiences of many women residents reveal a more complex reality.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

The research focused on low-income women living in urban and rural areas of Parauapebas. Its objective was to understand how they perceive public services in a municipality marked by intensive mining activity and high mineral revenue. The study combined two types of evidence: focus groups with 21 women and an analysis of municipal budget execution between 2022 and 2025, with particular attention to the allocation of CFEM resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

The women who participated in the research were mostly Black, low-income, and had limited access to formal employment. Many were registered in Cadastro \u00danico \u2013 a Brazilian federal government program that identifies and registers low-income households \u2013 which indicates a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability. Their voices are important because they express the experiences of women who depend substantially on public services such as health care, education, transportation, sanitation, and social assistance. In addition, they are generally the ones who assume a large share of unpaid care work for children, older people, and sick family members.<\/span><\/p>\n

The findings reveal a strong contrast between the image of Parauapebas as a wealthy mining municipality and the difficulties described by women in accessing better living conditions. The most frequent concerns were related to sanitation, education, public transportation, public management, and health care.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sanitation was one of the most important issues. Women from rural areas reported using untreated water, experiencing long periods without regular water supply, and needing to buy gallons of water even in low-income households. Women from urban areas also mentioned unequal water distribution between neighborhoods, interruptions in supply, and concerns about water quality. Although some participants recognized recent improvements, they still considered these changes insufficient given the municipality\u2019s wealth.<\/span><\/p>\n

Education and transportation also emerged as central issues. Participants reported a lack of school places, insufficient daycare centers, absence of teachers, and problems with school infrastructure. In rural areas, some accounts were especially serious, including schools operating with volunteer teachers and difficulties related to school transportation. Public transportation was described as expensive, overcrowded, irregular, and unreliable. These problems affect access to school, work, health services, and other basic rights.<\/span><\/p>\n

Health care was another major area of concern. In rural areas, participants reported a lack of professionals, limited care, absence of ambulances, and interruptions in services. In urban areas, they emphasized that health infrastructure has not kept pace with population growth. One participant summarized this contradiction by stating that people see Parauapebas as a wealthy place, but one that is poor in many respects, including public health care.<\/span><\/p>\n

These difficulties are not experienced in the same way by everyone. The study adopts an intersectional perspective to show how gender, race, and class shape the ways in which inequalities associated with mining are experienced. For low-income Black women, the absence or poor quality of public services may mean more time spent caring for sick family members, greater difficulty getting to work, greater exposure to insecurity, and fewer opportunities for social and political participation. In this sense, the precariousness of public services is not merely an administrative problem. It also reinforces existing inequalities.<\/span><\/p>\n

The budget analysis helps explain why this contrast is important. Between 2022 and 2025, CFEM represented more than one quarter of Parauapebas\u2019s current municipal revenue every year. This confirms the importance of mineral revenue for the local budget. At the same time, per capita CFEM spending fell sharply during the period, decreasing by 55% between 2022 and 2025. This figure suggests that mineral revenue is important but unstable, especially in a municipality facing population growth and increasing demand for public services.<\/span><\/p>\n

The distribution of CFEM resources also reveals important tensions. Transportation received the largest share of CFEM spending among the functions analyzed, yet it was still one of the services most criticized by participants. Health care and urban development also received significant shares, but women continued to report serious problems of access and quality. By contrast, areas such as education and sanitation, which were highly present in participants\u2019 concerns, experienced sharp reductions in per capita spending.<\/span><\/p>\n

These findings show that the central issue is not only how much money mining generates, but also how this money is planned, allocated, and transformed into effective public services. A municipality may have high mineral revenue and still fail to provide regular, accessible, and socially just services to the population most affected by the mineral economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

The study contributes to debates on mining, development, and inequality by connecting two dimensions that are often analyzed separately: the public budget and the population\u2019s living conditions. Looking only at revenue figures may give the impression that mining municipalities have sufficient resources to solve their local problems. Listening to women\u2019s experiences shows that the reality is more unequal and more complex.<\/span><\/p>\n

For public policy, the findings point to the need to strengthen social oversight of mineral revenue, improve planning, and pay greater attention to the territorial distribution and quality of public spending. It is not enough to know whether CFEM was spent on transportation, health care, education, or sanitation. It is also necessary to ask whether these investments reach the communities that need them most and whether they do, in fact, improve the population\u2019s living conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

At a time when global demand for minerals is growing due to the energy transition, the case of Parauapebas offers an important warning. The transition to a low-carbon economy cannot be built on territories where mineral wealth coexists with precarious public services, racial and gender inequalities, and social exclusion. A just economy must consider not only what is extracted from the ground, but also how people live in the places where extraction takes place.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ultimately, the study shows that mineral wealth does not automatically become development. For mining revenue to contribute to a more just society, it must be converted into care, rights, infrastructure, and dignity, ensuring better living conditions for the people who live in mining territories, especially women, who so often remain invisible in debates on development.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

Read the full paper HERE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Ant\u00f4nia Larissa Alves Oliveira<\/strong><\/p>\n

2025-2026 EoF Academy Fellow<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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